查看“LC50”的源代码

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            <strong>LC<sub>50</sub></strong>（Median Lethal Concentration，半数致死浓度）是 <strong>[[Toxicology]] (毒理学)</strong> 和 <strong>[[Ecotoxicology]] (生态毒理学)</strong> 中用于衡量物质急性毒性的核心指标。与 <strong>[[LD50]]</strong>（半数致死剂量）不同，LC<sub>50</sub> 描述的是环境介质（如空气或水）中的<strong>浓度</strong>，而非直接进入生物体内的剂量。它定义为在特定的暴露时间内（如 96 小时），能使 50% 的测试群体（通常是鱼类、水蚤或吸入实验的小鼠）死亡的物质浓度。LC<sub>50</sub> 是环境风险评估 (ERA) 和化学品吸入毒性分级（如 GHS 标准）的基石数据。
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            <div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1.2px;">LC<sub>50</sub></div>
            <div style="font-size: 0.7em; opacity: 0.85; margin-top: 4px; white-space: nowrap;">Median Lethal Concentration (点击展开)</div>
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                <div style="font-size: 0.8em; color: #64748b; margin-top: 12px; font-weight: 600;">环境/吸入毒性指标</div>
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                    <th colspan="2" style="padding: 8px 12px; background-color: #e0f2fe; color: #1e40af; text-align: left; font-size: 0.9em; border-top: 1px solid #bae6fd;">参数属性</th>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; width: 40%;">中文全称</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">半数致死浓度</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">应用领域</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #1e40af;">水生生物, 吸入毒理</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">常用单位(水)</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">mg/L (ppm)</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">常用单位(气)</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">mg/m³, ppmV</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">关键变量</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #16a34a;">Exposure Time (时间)</td>
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                    <th colspan="2" style="padding: 8px 12px; background-color: #e0f2fe; color: #1e40af; text-align: left; font-size: 0.9em; border-top: 1px solid #bae6fd;">标准测试</th>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">鱼类急性</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #1e40af;">96h LC<sub>50</sub> (OECD 203)</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">蚤类急性</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">48h LC<sub>50</sub> (OECD 202)</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">哺乳吸入</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">4h LC<sub>50</sub> (OECD 403)</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #475569;">相关指标</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; color: #e11d48;">[[LD50]], [[EC50]]</td>
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        虽然两者都衡量致死性，但应用场景截然不同。区别在于我们是否能准确测量个体摄入的量：
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            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>LD<sub>50</sub> (Dose)：</strong> 适用于口服、注射或皮肤涂抹。我们精确知道每只动物被给予了多少毫克药物。单位通常是 <strong>mg/kg</strong>。</li>
            <li style="margin-bottom: 0;"><strong>LC<sub>50</sub> (Concentration)：</strong> 适用于<strong>水生生物</strong>（鱼在有毒的水中游泳）或<strong>吸入实验</strong>（大鼠呼吸有毒气体）。我们无法精确计算鱼喝了多少水或大鼠吸了多少气，只能测量<strong>环境中的浓度</strong>。单位通常是 <strong>mg/L</strong> 或 <strong>ppm</strong>。</li>
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    <h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">关键变量：时间的重要性</h2>
    
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        LC<sub>50</sub> 毫无意义，除非指定了<strong>暴露时间</strong>。高浓度短时间暴露和低浓度长时间暴露可能产生相同的致死效果（即 <strong>Haber's Law: $C \times t = k$</strong>）。
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                <th style="padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #0f172a; width: 25%;">测试类型</th>
                <th style="padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #1e40af; width: 25%;">标准时长</th>
                <th style="padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #475569; width: 50%;">说明</th>
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                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">鱼类急性毒性</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">96小时 (96h LC<sub>50</sub>)</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">OECD 203 标准。用于评估工业废水对河流的影响。</td>
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                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">水蚤 (Daphnia)</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">48小时 (48h LC<sub>50</sub>)</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">无脊椎动物通常更敏感，是水质监测的哨兵。</td>
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                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">大鼠吸入</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">4小时 (4h LC<sub>50</sub>)</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">OECD 403 标准。用于确定化学品运输标签（如 GHS 类别）。</td>
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    <h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">实际应用：GHS 分级</h2>
    
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        联合国《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》<strong>(GHS)</strong> 依据 4小时吸入 LC<sub>50</sub> 对气体和蒸气进行剧毒分级。
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        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>类别 1 (致命)：</strong> LC<sub>50</sub> ≤ 100 ppm (气体) —— 极其危险，需特殊防护。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>类别 2 (致命)：</strong> 100 < LC<sub>50</sub> ≤ 500 ppm。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>类别 3 (有毒)：</strong> 500 < LC<sub>50</sub> ≤ 2500 ppm。</li>
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        <span style="color: #0f172a; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.05em; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 15px;">学术参考文献 [Academic Review]</span>
        
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            [1] <strong>OECD. (2019).</strong> <em>Test No. 203: Fish, Acute Toxicity Test.</em> <strong>[[OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals]]</strong>. <br>
            <span style="color: #475569;">[点评]：生态毒理学的金标准指南，详细规定了测定 96h LC<sub>50</sub> 的实验条件和统计方法。</span>
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            [2] <strong>United Nations. (2023).</strong> <em>Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS).</em> <strong>[[UN Publication]]</strong>. <br>
            <span style="color: #475569;">[点评]：全球化学品管理的宪法性文件，定义了基于 LC<sub>50</sub> 数据的急性毒性分类标准。</span>
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            [3] <strong>Lipnick RL, et al. (1995).</strong> <em>Comparison of the fish acute toxicity syndromes with their chemical classification.</em> <strong>[[Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology]]</strong>. <br>
            <span style="color: #475569;">[点评]：经典文献，探讨了不同化学结构对 LC<sub>50</sub> 的影响，是构效关系 (QSAR) 研究的基础。</span>
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            环境毒理学参数 · 知识图谱
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">上级学科</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[Ecotoxicology]] • [[Inhalation Toxicology]]</td>
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">平行指标</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[LD50]] (剂量) • [[EC50]] (效应浓度) • [[NOEC]] (无可见效应浓度)</td>
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">应用场景</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[GHS]] Labeling • Water Quality Standards • [[REACH]] Regulation</td>
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